Excerpt from the P.I.E. Guidelines for Authors – Originality

1    All authors must be aware of the importance of quality and originality in their written words; they have to signal problems related to plagiarism, gift, and ghost authorship as soon as they appear.

2    All authors should provide comprehensive references to others’ work in quotations and citations.

3    Copyright laws and regulations should be applied to all published material and any reproduced data should be accredited with permission from those who hold the copyright.

4    Any data, be it words, ideas, or numerical, that is the work of another should not be accredited as the work of the author; any information sourced from another’s work should be acknowledged to the person who created it.

5    Persons considered to have made significant contributions should be accredited as an author, whereas minor contributors are to be recognised in the acknowledgement section. For more information on this point, see the section below entitled “Authorship problems and disputes”.